●科技英语
分词和分词短语作宾语补足语
作者:叶泳辰
在英语中,有些及物动词要求分词、动词、形容词等作宾语补足语以表达完整的意思。这类动词有:
make (使….), have (使…, 让…), keep (使…保持…), start (启动), find(发现)等。
(1) We put a hand above an electric fire and feel the hot air rising. 我们把手放在电炉上方,就会感到热空气在上升。
(2) To keep a body moving, you have to apply less force than you did to start it moving.保持一个物体运动比启动该物体所必须施加的力要小。
(3) A body at rest will remain at rest if there is no enough force to start it moving.如果没有足够的力来启动静止的物体,则静止的物体将保持静止状态。
(4) When Sir Isaac Newton was a boy, he often saw apples falling to the ground.爱萨克·牛顿少年时,经常看到苹果落到地上。
(5) You know that a burning piece of coal ignites another in the furnace to keep the fire going. We call this a chain reaction. 你们知道,一块燃烧着的煤会点燃炉中的另一块煤而使炉火继续燃烧。我们称这种过程为连锁反应。
分词的时态和语态
现在分词有一般式和完成式,有主动语态和被动语态。以use为例:
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主动态 |
被动态 |
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一般式 |
using |
being used |
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完成式 |
having used |
having been used |
现在分词被动态所表示的动作与句子中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或正在进行。例如:
Being cooled in the air, the metal hardened. 金属在空气中冷却时就硬化了。
现在分词的完成时态表示的动作发生在句子谓语动词所表示的动作之前。完成分词在句中只作状语用。例如:
(1) Hardened steel is difficult to machine, but having been annealed, it can be easily machined. 淬火钢难于加工,但是经退火后就易于加工了。
(2) Having defined two units of power, the horse-power and the kilowatt, we may use these in turn to define two new units of work, the horsepower-hour and the kilowatt-hour (kW∙h) 在确定了功率的两种单位(马力和千瓦)之后,我们就可以转而用这两个单位来确定功的两个新单位,即马力小时和千瓦小时。
分词的独立结构
分词短语作状语时,通常它的逻辑主体也就是句子中的逻辑主语。如:
Lifting something, you do work. (你举起某物时,你就是在做功。)
分词lifting的逻辑主语就是句中的主语you。但是,如果分词短语中的逻辑主语与句子中的主语不一致时,分词短语就可以有自己的逻辑主语。这种带逻辑主语的分词短语叫做“分词独立结构”。这种结构在句中只起到状语作用,可以表示时间、原因、条件和附加说明等。
(1) Aluminium being very soft, we can press it easily into any shapes desired. 铝很软,因此,我们很容易把它压成所要求的任意形状。(原因)
(2) An object at rest has no kinetic energy, its velocity being zero. 静止的物体不具有动能,因为它的速度为零。(原因)
(3) A change of velocity, the mass being constant, must mean a change in momentum. 如果质量不便,速度的变化就意味着动量的变化。(条件)
(4) A molecule of hydrogen has only two atoms, each having one proton and one electron. 氢分子仅有两个原子,每个原子有一个质子和一个电子。(附加说明)
(5) An electric current decomposes water into hydrogen and oxygen, dydrogen being liberated at the cathode. 电流把水分解为氢和氧, 氢气从阴极释放出来。(附加说明)
(6) A body can move uniformly and in a stright line, there being no cause to change that motion.如果没有改变物体运动的原因,那么物体将作匀速直线运动。(条件)
下期内容:
●分词的复合结构
●分词及分词短语用法练习
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