24分词做状语
分词或分词短语作状语时， 表示方式或伴随情况时可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。
Hearing the knock on the door(=When they heard the knock on the door), they stopped talking.
Confined to bed(=Because she was confined to bed), she needed to be waited on in everything.
Studying hard(=if you study hard), you must pass the exam.
They stood there waiting for the bus.(= they stood there and waited for the bus.)
The bandits fled into the mountains, pursued by the policemen.(= the bandits fled into the mountains, who were pursued by the policemen.)
When visiting a strange city,I like to have a guidebook with me.(= when I visit a strange city, I like to …)
Defeated, he remained a popular boxer.(= though he was defeated, he remained …)
有时为了强调，分词前可带连词when, while, if though, as if, unless等一起作状语，以便使句子的意思更清楚，更连贯。例如：
Almost all English prepositions when turned into Chinese look like verbs.
Though tired, he still continued reading.
作宾语补足语
现在分词表示主动关系。用现在分词做宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系。
1. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _____ in Cuba.
A. being cultivated B. been cultivated C. having cultivated D. cultivating
有些动词既可以跟分词也可以跟不定式做宾补，但它们是有区别的。动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, observe等既可跟现在分词也可跟动词不定式作宾补。它们之间的区别在于：现在分词着重说明动作正在发生；不定式则着重说明动作的全过程。试比较：
I saw him cross the street. I saw flames rising and heard people shouting.
I saw a plane flying to the north.(=A plane was seen flying to the north.)
Did you notice the little boy take the candy and run away?
过去分词做宾语补足语，表示动作的发出者不是主语。
He felt his eyes dazzled by the bright light. Everybody thought the battle lost.
We found her greatly changed. Please keep us informed of the latest developments.
I have not any money left. She had her arm broken in an accident.
I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.
He won’t like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.
The commander ordered the army unit (to be) reorganized.
The viewers wished the serial film (to be) continued.
分词的独立结构
There being no further business, the meeting came to stop.
All flights having been cancelled because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but the train having been canceled
分词做状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语和谓语动词的主语是否一致，否则，分词必须有自己的主语，这种带主语的分词被称为分词的独立结构，或叫独立主格。在句中作状语表示时间，原因，条件等。例如：
His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.=After his homework was done,…
The meal over,, we began to work again.=When the meal was over,…(表示时间)
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.=Because the last bus had gone,…
Her shirt caught on a nail, …(表示原因)
Weather permitting, the cricket match (板球比赛)will be played on Wednesday.=If weather permits,…
(表示条件)
He put on his socks wrong side out.= …with the wrong side out.
He sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter.
She was sitting at her desk, her head slightly lowered over a pile of documents. （表示方式和伴随）
2. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.
A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated
3. Without the sun’s light _____ the earth’s surface, it would be so cold that life could not exist on the earth.
A. warms B. warmed C. warming D. to warm
独立结构有时也可用“with(without)+名词（或代词的宾格）+分词”短语来引导，表示伴随情况。例如：
With him helping me, I felt lucky.
They traveled a whole day, without any food eaten.
Without anyone noticing, I slipped through the window.
I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.
