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第二个对父爱差异的影响进行了大量研究的领域是关于父亲的主动参与性。也就是说，父亲和孩子呆在一起的时间量（投入性），父亲让孩子接近的程度（可接近性），父亲负责孩子的照顾和福利的程度（责任性）。
许多研究认为父亲主动参与性强的孩子，与父亲参与性弱的孩子相比，其认知和社会能力往往更强，不倾向于接受性别陈规定型观念，更富有同情心，心理调试也更好。这些研究一般都用简单的相关性，调查了父亲情感温暖和父亲参与性两个变量，结果发现它们之间相互关联，而且都和青少年的成长结果相关。
从这些研究中还不清楚的是参与性与情感温暖这两个变量是分别还是一起影响青少年的成长结果。而且，“照顾”孩子不一定就是“关心”他们。莱姆在他关于父亲参与性研究的评论中指出，和这些成长结果相关的不是父亲参与性（与孩子的直接交互）、易近性或照顾孩子的责任性的简单事实，而好像是父子关系质量决定了一切。普拉克重申这种说法时写到：
关键问题是：如果不考虑内容和质量，父亲的参与程度对孩子、母亲或他们自己影响重大的证据是否可信？在很多研究中发现，与满意的结果相关联的实际上是正面形式的父亲参与，而不是参与本身。通过在此提出的“正面父职参与”的概念，参与性需要和父亲行为的定性维度结合起来。
威尼采亚诺和罗内尔支持这些结论。在有63名非裔美国人和欧裔美国人的孩子参与的黑白种族抽样中，作者从多元回归分析中发现，目前来说父职参与性本身与孩子的心理调试相关，主要是因为年轻人将它看作是父亲情感温暖的一种表达方式（接纳性）。
10、Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Archaeological study covers an extremely long span of time and a great variety of subjects. The earliest subjects of archaeological study date from the origins of humanity. These include fossil remains believed to be of human ancestors who lived 3.5 million to 4.5 million years ago. The earliest archaeological sites include those at Hadar, Ethiopia; Laetoli, Tanzania; East Turkana, Kenya; and elsewhere in East Africa. These sites contain evidence of the first appearance of bipedal (upright-walking, apelike early humans).41. ___________
The first physically modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared in tropical Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago—dates determined by molecular biologists and archaeologists working together. Dozens of archaeological sites throughout Asia and Europe show how people migrated from Africa and settled in these two continents during the last Ice Age (100,000 to 15,000 years ago). 42. ___________
Archaeologists have documented that the development of agriculture took place about 10,000 years ago. Early domestication—the planting and harvesting of plants and the breeding and herding of animals—is evident in such places as the ancient settlement of Jericho in Jordan and in Tehuacán Valley in Mexico. Archaeology plays a major role in the study of early civilizations, such as those of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, who built the city of Ur, and the ancient Egyptians, who are famous for the pyramids near the city of Giza and the royal sepulchres (tombs) of the Valley of the Kings at Thebes. 43. ___________
Archaeological research spans the entire development of phenomena that are unique to humans. For instance, archaeology tells the story of when people learned to bury their dead and developed beliefs in an afterlife. Sites containing signs of the first simple but purposeful burials in graves date to as early as 40,000 years ago in Europe and Southwest Asia. By the time people lived in civilizations, burials and funeral ceremonies had become extremely important and elaborate rituals. 44. ___________
Archaeology also examines more recent historical periods. Some archaeologists work with historians to study American colonial life, for example. They have learned such diverse information as how the earliest colonial settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, traded glass beads for food with native Algonquian peoples; how the lives of slaves on plantations reflected their roots in Africa; and how the first major cities in the United States developed. 45. ___________
［A］ For example, the Moche lords of Sipán in coastal Peru were buried in about AD 400 in fine cotton dress and with exquisite ornaments of bead, gold, and silver. Few burials rival their lavish sepulchres. Being able to trace the development of such rituals over thousands of years has added to our understanding of the development of human intellect and spirit.
［B］ By 40,000 years ago people could be found hunting and gathering food across most of the regions of Africa. Populations in different regions employed various technological developments in adapting to their different environments and climates.
［C］ Archaeological studies have also provided much information about the people who first arrived in the Americas over 12,000 years ago.
［D］ The first fossil records of vascular plants—that is, land plants with tissue that carries food—appeared in the Silurian period. They were simple plants that had not developed separate stems and leaves.
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